By Olivia White and Anu Madgavkar SAN FRANCISCO/MUMBAI — Even before the passage of the latest stimulus bill in the United States, governments around the world have offered almost $12 trillion in financial aid to businesses and households affected by COVID-19, equivalent to

In Europe, we have heard the warnings about climate change. We know that if our industrial, energy, transportation, and food systems do not change, we could face a catastrophic temperature increase of more than 3°C this century.

By Michel Fredeau and Jules Kortenhorst BOSTON — For decades, global leaders have failed to respond to climate change with appropriate urgency, even though the science has long been clear.

By Mariana Mazzucato, Laurie Macfarlane and George DibbLONDON — The term “industrial strategy” has a turbulent history.

By Richard N. Haass and Charles A. KupchanNEW YORK — The recent testy US-China dialogue in Alaska augurs poorly for bilateral relations.

By Arvind Subramanian and Davesh KapurNEW DELHI — The lack of representation of marginalised groups in the corridors of power — political, financial and cultural — is a growing source of global concern. Knowledge confers power, so who creates it matters.

By Michael Spence, Joseph E. Stiglitz and Jayati Ghosh  NEW YORK — The United States expects to “celebrate independence” from COVID-19 by Independence Day (July 4), when vaccines will have been made available to all adults.

By Sally C. Davies , Jeremy Farrar and Jim O'NeillLONDON — With the COVID-19 vaccine rollout gaining momentum, world leaders have a chance to focus more on the future of public health.

By Patrick Drury Byrne  and Sylvain Broyer DUBLIN — Central banks’ unconventional policies undoubtedly rescued financial markets in 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic was at its height.